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JDK源码分析(十)JDK1.7&1.8源码对比分析【集合】ConcurrentHashMap

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前言

这篇文章来看看JDK1.7和1.8版本的ConcurrentHashMap有哪些区别。

目录

一、对比分析

1、 1.7版本

2、 1.8版本

一、对比分析

1. 1.7版本

先来看看 1.7 的实现,下面是他的结构图:

68_1.png

如上图所示,是由 Segment 数组、HashEntry 组成,和 HashMap 一样,仍然是数组 + 链表

它的核心成员变量:

/**
 * The segments, each of which is a specialized hash table.
 * Segment 数组,存放数据时首先需要定位到具体的 Segment 中
 */
final Segment<K,V>[] segments;

transient Set<K> keySet;
transient Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet;

Segment 是 ConcurrentHashMap 的一个内部类,主要的组成如下:

static final class Segment<K,V> extends ReentrantLock implements Serializable {

    private static final long serialVersionUID = 2249069246763182397L;

    /**
     * The maximum number of times to tryLock in a prescan before
     * possibly blocking on acquire in preparation for a locked
     * segment operation. On multiprocessors, using a bounded
     * number of retries maintains cache acquired while locating
     * nodes.
     */
    static final int MAX_SCAN_RETRIES =
        Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() > 1 ? 64 : 1;

    /**
     * The per-segment table. Elements are accessed via
     * entryAt/setEntryAt providing volatile semantics.
     * 和 HashMap 中的 HashEntry 作用一样,真正存放数据的桶
     */
    transient volatile HashEntry<K,V>[] table;

    /**
     * The number of elements. Accessed only either within locks
     * or among other volatile reads that maintain visibility.
     */
    transient int count;

    /**
     * The total number of mutative operations in this segment.
     * Even though this may overflows 32 bits, it provides
     * sufficient accuracy for stability checks in CHM isEmpty()
     * and size() methods.  Accessed only either within locks or
     * among other volatile reads that maintain visibility.
     */
    transient int modCount;

    /**
     * The table is rehashed when its size exceeds this threshold.
     * (The value of this field is always <tt>(int)(capacity *
     * loadFactor)</tt>.)
     */
    transient int threshold;

    /**
     * The load factor for the hash table.  Even though this value
     * is same for all segments, it is replicated to avoid needing
     * links to outer object.
     * @serial
     */
    final float loadFactor;
}

看看其中 HashEntry 的组成:

/**
 * ConcurrentHashMap list entry. Note that this is never exported
 * out as a user-visible Map.Entry.
 */
static final class HashEntry<K,V> {
    final int hash;
    final K key;
    volatile V value;
    volatile HashEntry<K,V> next;

    HashEntry(int hash, K key, V value, HashEntry<K,V> next) {
        this.hash = hash;
        this.key = key;
        this.value = value;
        this.next = next;
    }
}

和 HashMap 非常类似,唯一的区别就是其中的核心数据如 value ,以及链表都是 volatile 修饰的,保证了获取时的可见性。

原理上来说:ConcurrentHashMap 采用了分段锁技术,其中 Segment 继承于 ReentrantLock。不会像 HashTable 那样不管是 put 还是 get 操作都需要做同步处理,理论上 ConcurrentHashMap 支持 CurrencyLevel (Segment 数组数量)的线程并发。每当一个线程占用锁访问一个 Segment 时,不会影响到其他的 Segment。

下面也来看看核心的put、get方法。

put方法

@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public V put(K key, V value) {
    Segment<K,V> s;
    if (value == null)
        throw new NullPointerException();
    int hash = hash(key);
    int j = (hash >>> segmentShift) & segmentMask;
    if ((s = (Segment<K,V>)UNSAFE.getObject          // nonvolatile; recheck
         (segments, (j << SSHIFT) + SBASE)) == null) //  in ensureSegment
        s = ensureSegment(j);
    return s.put(key, hash, value, false);
}


final V put(K key, int hash, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent) {
    HashEntry<K,V> node = tryLock() ? null :
        scanAndLockForPut(key, hash, value);
    V oldValue;
    try {
        HashEntry<K,V>[] tab = table;
        int index = (tab.length - 1) & hash;
        HashEntry<K,V> first = entryAt(tab, index);
        for (HashEntry<K,V> e = first;;) {
            if (e != null) {
                K k;
                if ((k = e.key) == key ||
                    (e.hash == hash && key.equals(k))) {
                    oldValue = e.value;
                    if (!onlyIfAbsent) {
                        e.value = value;
                        ++modCount;
                    }
                    break;
                }
                e = e.next;
            }
            else {
                if (node != null)
                    node.setNext(first);
                else
                    node = new HashEntry<K,V>(hash, key, value, first);
                int c = count + 1;
                if (c > threshold && tab.length < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
                    rehash(node);
                else
                    setEntryAt(tab, index, node);
                ++modCount;
                count = c;
                oldValue = null;
                break;
            }
        }
    } finally {
        unlock();
    }
    return oldValue;
}

虽然 HashEntry 中的 value 是用 volatile 关键词修饰的,但是并不能保证并发的原子性,所以 put 操作时仍然需要加锁处理。

首先第一步的时候会尝试获取锁,如果获取失败肯定就有其他线程存在竞争,则利用scanAndLockForPut()自旋获取锁。

private HashEntry<K,V> scanAndLockForPut(K key, int hash, V value) {
    HashEntry<K,V> first = entryForHash(this, hash);
    HashEntry<K,V> e = first;
    HashEntry<K,V> node = null;
    int retries = -1; // negative while locating node
    while (!tryLock()) {    // 尝试自旋获取锁
        HashEntry<K,V> f; // to recheck first below
        if (retries < 0) {
            if (e == null) {
                if (node == null) // speculatively create node
                    node = new HashEntry<K,V>(hash, key, value, null);
                retries = 0;
            }
            else if (key.equals(e.key))
                retries = 0;
            else
                e = e.next;
        }
        else if (++retries > MAX_SCAN_RETRIES) {
            // 如果重试的次数达到了 MAX_SCAN_RETRIES 则改为阻塞锁获取,保证能获取成功
            lock();
            break;
        }
        else if ((retries & 1) == 0 &&
                 (f = entryForHash(this, hash)) != first) {
            e = first = f; // re-traverse if entry changed
            retries = -1;
        }
    }
    return node;
}

再看看put的流程:

final V put(K key, int hash, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent) {
    HashEntry<K,V> node = tryLock() ? null :
        // 1. 将当前 Segment 中的 table 通过 key 的 hashcode 定位到 HashEntry
        scanAndLockForPut(key, hash, value);
    V oldValue;
    try {
        HashEntry<K,V>[] tab = table;
        int index = (tab.length - 1) & hash;
        HashEntry<K,V> first = entryAt(tab, index);
        for (HashEntry<K,V> e = first;;) {
            if (e != null) {
                K k;
                // 2. 遍历该 HashEntry,如果不为空则判断传入的 key 和当前遍历的 key 是否相等,相等则覆盖旧的 value
                if ((k = e.key) == key ||
                    (e.hash == hash && key.equals(k))) {
                    oldValue = e.value;
                    if (!onlyIfAbsent) {
                        e.value = value;
                        ++modCount;
                    }
                    break;
                }
                e = e.next;
            }
            // 3. 不为空则需要新建一个 HashEntry 并加入到 Segment 中,同时会先判断是否需要扩容
            else {
                if (node != null)
                    node.setNext(first);
                else
                    node = new HashEntry<K,V>(hash, key, value, first);
                int c = count + 1;
                if (c > threshold && tab.length < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
                    rehash(node);
                else
                    setEntryAt(tab, index, node);
                ++modCount;
                count = c;
                oldValue = null;
                break;
            }
        }
    } finally {
        // 4. 最后会解除在 1 中所获取当前 Segment 的锁
        unlock();
    }
    return oldValue;
}

get方法

public V get(Object key) {
    Segment<K,V> s; // manually integrate access methods to reduce overhead
    HashEntry<K,V>[] tab;
    int h = hash(key);
    long u = (((h >>> segmentShift) & segmentMask) << SSHIFT) + SBASE;
    if ((s = (Segment<K,V>)UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile(segments, u)) != null &&
        (tab = s.table) != null) {
        for (HashEntry<K,V> e = (HashEntry<K,V>) UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile
                 (tab, ((long)(((tab.length - 1) & h)) << TSHIFT) + TBASE);
             e != null; e = e.next) {
            K k;
            if ((k = e.key) == key || (e.hash == h && key.equals(k)))
                return e.value;
        }
    }
    return null;
}

get 逻辑比较简单:

只需要将 Key 通过 Hash 之后定位到具体的 Segment ,再通过一次 Hash 定位到具体的元素上。

由于 HashEntry 中的 value 属性是用 volatile 关键词修饰的,保证了内存可见性,所以每次获取时都是最新值。

ConcurrentHashMap 的 get 方法是非常高效的,因为整个过程都不需要加锁

2. 1.8版本

1、7 已经解决了并发问题,并且能支持 N 个 Segment 这么多次数的并发,但依然存在 HashMap 在 1.7 版本中的问题。那就是查询遍历链表效率太低。

因此 1.8 做了一些数据结构上的调整。首先来看下底层的组成结构:

68_2.png

看起来是不是和 1.8 HashMap 结构类似?

其中抛弃了原有的 Segment 分段锁,而采用了CAS + synchronized来保证并发安全性。

static class Node<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
    final int hash;
    final K key;
    volatile V val;
    volatile Node<K,V> next;

    Node(int hash, K key, V val, Node<K,V> next) {
        this.hash = hash;
        this.key = key;
        this.val = val;
        this.next = next;
    }

    public final K getKey()       { return key; }
    public final V getValue()     { return val; }
    public final int hashCode()   { return key.hashCode() ^ val.hashCode(); }
    public final String toString(){ return key + "=" + val; }
    public final V setValue(V value) {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }

    public final boolean equals(Object o) {
        Object k, v, u; Map.Entry<?,?> e;
        return ((o instanceof Map.Entry) &&
                (k = (e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o).getKey()) != null &&
                (v = e.getValue()) != null &&
                (k == key || k.equals(key)) &&
                (v == (u = val) || v.equals(u)));
    }

    /**
     * Virtualized support for map.get(); overridden in subclasses.
     */
    Node<K,V> find(int h, Object k) {
        Node<K,V> e = this;
        if (k != null) {
            do {
                K ek;
                if (e.hash == h &&
                    ((ek = e.key) == k || (ek != null && k.equals(ek))))
                    return e;
            } while ((e = e.next) != null);
        }
        return null;
    }
}

也将 1.7 中存放数据的 HashEntry 改为 Node,但作用都是相同的。其中的val、next都用了 volatile 修饰,保证了可见性。

put方法

重点来看看 put 函数:

public V put(K key, V value) {
    return putVal(key, value, false);
}

/** Implementation for put and putIfAbsent */
final V putVal(K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent) {
    if (key == null || value == null) throw new NullPointerException();
    // 根据 key 计算出 hashcode
    int hash = spread(key.hashCode());
    int binCount = 0;
    for (Node<K,V>[] tab = table;;) {
        Node<K,V> f; int n, i, fh;
        // 判断是否需要进行初始化
        if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
            tab = initTable();
        // f 即为当前 key 定位出的 Node,如果为空表示当前位置可以写入数据,利用 CAS 尝试写入,失败则自旋保证成功
        else if ((f = tabAt(tab, i = (n - 1) & hash)) == null) {
            if (casTabAt(tab, i, null,
                         new Node<K,V>(hash, key, value, null)))
                break;                   // no lock when adding to empty bin
        }
        // 如果当前位置的 hashcode == MOVED == -1,则需要进行扩容
        else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED)
            tab = helpTransfer(tab, f);
        else {
            V oldVal = null;
            synchronized (f) {// 如果都不满足,则利用 synchronized 锁写入数据
                if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
                    if (fh >= 0) {
                        binCount = 1;
                        for (Node<K,V> e = f;; ++binCount) {
                            K ek;
                            if (e.hash == hash &&
                                ((ek = e.key) == key ||
                                 (ek != null && key.equals(ek)))) {
                                oldVal = e.val;
                                if (!onlyIfAbsent)
                                    e.val = value;
                                break;
                            }
                            Node<K,V> pred = e;
                            if ((e = e.next) == null) {
                                pred.next = new Node<K,V>(hash, key,
                                                          value, null);
                                break;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    else if (f instanceof TreeBin) {
                        Node<K,V> p;
                        binCount = 2;
                        if ((p = ((TreeBin<K,V>)f).putTreeVal(hash, key,
                                                       value)) != null) {
                            oldVal = p.val;
                            if (!onlyIfAbsent)
                                p.val = value;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            if (binCount != 0) {
                // 如果数量大于 TREEIFY_THRESHOLD 则要转换为红黑树
                if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD)
                    treeifyBin(tab, i);
                if (oldVal != null)
                    return oldVal;
                break;
            }
        }
    }
    addCount(1L, binCount);
    return null;
}

get方法

public V get(Object key) {
    Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> e, p; int n, eh; K ek;
    int h = spread(key.hashCode());
    if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 &&
        (e = tabAt(tab, (n - 1) & h)) != null) {
        // 根据计算出来的 hashcode 寻址,如果就在桶上那么直接返回值
        if ((eh = e.hash) == h) {
            if ((ek = e.key) == key || (ek != null && key.equals(ek)))
                return e.val;
        }
        // 如果是红黑树那就按照树的方式获取值
        else if (eh < 0)
            return (p = e.find(h, key)) != null ? p.val : null;
        // 都不满足那就按照链表的方式遍历获取值
        while ((e = e.next) != null) {
            if (e.hash == h &&
                ((ek = e.key) == key || (ek != null && key.equals(ek))))
                return e.val;
        }
    }
    return null;
}

1、8 在 1.7 的数据结构上做了大的改动,采用红黑树之后可以保证查询效率(O(logn)),甚至取消了 ReentrantLock 改为了 synchronized,这样可以看出在新版的 JDK 中对 synchronized 优化是很到位的。

文章永久链接:https://tech.souyunku.com/?p=15165


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